Мікологічний доробок одеських вчених: півстоліття наукового пошуку (1890–1940 рр.)
Альтернативна назва
Mycological achievements of Odesa scientists: half a century of scientific research (1890–1940)
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Дата
2025
Науковий керівник
Укладач
Редактор
Назва журналу
ISSN
2077-1746
E-ISSN
2415-3125
Назва тому
Видавець
Одеський національний університет імені І. І. Мечникова
Анотація
Проаналізовано розвиток мікологічних досліджень на півдні України з 1890 р. по 1940 р. У цей період вивчення грибів і, перш за все, грибних збудників хвороб рослин, здійснювали професори Одеського (Новоросійського) університету: Ф. М. Каменський, В. А. Ротерт, І. Д. Щербак, І. Л. Сербінов та Б. М. Аксентьєв. У їх наукових працях представлені результати досліджень видового складу, особливостей розвитку та розповсюдження багатьох видів паразитичних грибів рослин, наведені способи боротьби з ними. Роботи вчених мали не лише прикладний характер, але в них вирішувалася і низка фундаментальних задач. Зокрема з’ясовувалися вплив фізіологічно активних речовин на життєдіяльність та чутливість грибів, а також взаємодія міцелію грибів з корінням вищих рослин. Це дозволило Ф. М. Каменському вперше встановити симбіотичний характер цього явища, яке отримало назву «мікориза».
Introduction. The development of mycological research in southern Ukraine from 1890 to 1940 is analyzed. During this period, the study of fungi, and above all, fun-gal pathogens of plant diseases, was carried out by professors of Odesa (Novorossiysk) University and Odesa Agricultural Institute: F. M. Kamensky, V. A. Rothert, I. D. Shcherbak, I. L. Serbinov, and B. M. Aksentyev. Their scientific works present the results of studies on the species composition, development characteristics, and distribution of many species of parasitic plant fungi, as well as methods of combatting them. The scientists’ work was not only applied in nature, but also addressed a number of fundamental problems. In particular, they investigated the influence of physiologically active substances on the vital activity and sensitivity of fungi, as well as the interaction of fungal mycelium with the roots of higher plants. This allowed F. M. Kamensky to establish for the first time the symbiotic nature of this phenomenon, which was named “mycorrhiza.” Methodology and sources. The methodological basis of the work is a combination of the principles of historicism and objectivity with the use of the historical-genetic method, which made it possible to trace the evolution of mycological studies at the university. Particular attention is paid to biographical and archaeographic methods, as well as heuristic research in covering the scientific careers of F. M. Kamensky, V. A. Rotert, I. L. Serbinov, B. M. Aksentyev, and I. D. Shcherbak. The use of critical analysis of archival sources made it possible to eliminate factual inconsistencies in the biographies of scientists. The source base of the study consists of documents from the State Archives of the Odesa Region (DAO), the State Archives of the Lviv Region (DALO), and the Archives of the Scientific Library of the I. I. Mechnikov Odesa National University. In particular, reports and minutes of meetings of academic councils and specialized associations were studied, including: the Imperial Novorossiysk University (INU); Odesa Agricultural Institute (OSGI); Novorossiysk Society of Naturalists (NTP); Imperial Society of Agriculture of Southern Russia (ITSAGR); Odesa branch of the Imperial Russian Horticultural Society (OVIRTS). In addition, scientific periodicals of these institutions and societies were studied. Comparison of documents from different institutions made it possible to clarify the biographical information of little-known researchers. To form a complete picture of the development of mycology during the period under study, the chronology of the accumulation of scientific data in the said branch was analyzed. Main results. During the period under study (1890–1940), a group of outstanding biologists emerged at Odesa (Novorossiysk) University, whose work laid the foundations for modern mycological science. M. Kamensky was the first to experimentally prove the existence of mutualistic symbiosis between fungi and higher plants, becoming the founder of a new scientific field — mycotrophy. He described a new genus of fungi, A. Rotert was one of the first to address the issue of the universality of physiological reactions of organisms, studying the loss of sensitivity to external stimuli under the influence of narcotic substances. He demonstrated that fungal zoospores remain irritable even under such conditions. The scientist also thoroughly investigated the peculiarities of reproduction and ontogenesis of fungi of the genus L. Serbinov worked at the intersection of mycology, microbiology, and phytopathology, studying the etiology of diseases in plants, insects, and fish. He developed original methods for studying plant bacteriosis and identified the pathogens of vegetable crops, fruit trees, and grapes. The scientist became a pioneer in the study of fungal physiology and developed the concept of mixed infection in bacteriosis, which significantly enriched the theoretical and practical arsenal of phytopathology. B. M. Aksentyev, combining interests in the fields of plant physiology, algology, genetics, and breeding, made a significant contribution to applied mycology. He was one of the first to apply a comprehensive approach to the phytopathological examination of individual cultivated plants, in particular, by studying in detail the diseases of eggplant in the agroclimatic conditions of the Odesa region. D. Shcherbak’s scientific research focused on the experimental study of the developmental physiology of aquatic fungi zoospores. His work made it possible to identify factors for the artificial regulation of their life cycles and to eliminate the diplanetism stage. The scientist’s subsequent research was based on an attempt to apply the theory of phasic development to lower organisms and to study the role of phytohormones in altering the hereditary traits of parasitic fungi for agricultural purposes. Despite significant achievements in theoretical and experimental mycology and phytopathology, the work of Odesa researchers did not gain systemic institutional continuity. Regrettably, these scientists left no direct successors; consequently, no coherent scientific mycological school was established at the university during that period.
Introduction. The development of mycological research in southern Ukraine from 1890 to 1940 is analyzed. During this period, the study of fungi, and above all, fun-gal pathogens of plant diseases, was carried out by professors of Odesa (Novorossiysk) University and Odesa Agricultural Institute: F. M. Kamensky, V. A. Rothert, I. D. Shcherbak, I. L. Serbinov, and B. M. Aksentyev. Their scientific works present the results of studies on the species composition, development characteristics, and distribution of many species of parasitic plant fungi, as well as methods of combatting them. The scientists’ work was not only applied in nature, but also addressed a number of fundamental problems. In particular, they investigated the influence of physiologically active substances on the vital activity and sensitivity of fungi, as well as the interaction of fungal mycelium with the roots of higher plants. This allowed F. M. Kamensky to establish for the first time the symbiotic nature of this phenomenon, which was named “mycorrhiza.” Methodology and sources. The methodological basis of the work is a combination of the principles of historicism and objectivity with the use of the historical-genetic method, which made it possible to trace the evolution of mycological studies at the university. Particular attention is paid to biographical and archaeographic methods, as well as heuristic research in covering the scientific careers of F. M. Kamensky, V. A. Rotert, I. L. Serbinov, B. M. Aksentyev, and I. D. Shcherbak. The use of critical analysis of archival sources made it possible to eliminate factual inconsistencies in the biographies of scientists. The source base of the study consists of documents from the State Archives of the Odesa Region (DAO), the State Archives of the Lviv Region (DALO), and the Archives of the Scientific Library of the I. I. Mechnikov Odesa National University. In particular, reports and minutes of meetings of academic councils and specialized associations were studied, including: the Imperial Novorossiysk University (INU); Odesa Agricultural Institute (OSGI); Novorossiysk Society of Naturalists (NTP); Imperial Society of Agriculture of Southern Russia (ITSAGR); Odesa branch of the Imperial Russian Horticultural Society (OVIRTS). In addition, scientific periodicals of these institutions and societies were studied. Comparison of documents from different institutions made it possible to clarify the biographical information of little-known researchers. To form a complete picture of the development of mycology during the period under study, the chronology of the accumulation of scientific data in the said branch was analyzed. Main results. During the period under study (1890–1940), a group of outstanding biologists emerged at Odesa (Novorossiysk) University, whose work laid the foundations for modern mycological science. M. Kamensky was the first to experimentally prove the existence of mutualistic symbiosis between fungi and higher plants, becoming the founder of a new scientific field — mycotrophy. He described a new genus of fungi, A. Rotert was one of the first to address the issue of the universality of physiological reactions of organisms, studying the loss of sensitivity to external stimuli under the influence of narcotic substances. He demonstrated that fungal zoospores remain irritable even under such conditions. The scientist also thoroughly investigated the peculiarities of reproduction and ontogenesis of fungi of the genus L. Serbinov worked at the intersection of mycology, microbiology, and phytopathology, studying the etiology of diseases in plants, insects, and fish. He developed original methods for studying plant bacteriosis and identified the pathogens of vegetable crops, fruit trees, and grapes. The scientist became a pioneer in the study of fungal physiology and developed the concept of mixed infection in bacteriosis, which significantly enriched the theoretical and practical arsenal of phytopathology. B. M. Aksentyev, combining interests in the fields of plant physiology, algology, genetics, and breeding, made a significant contribution to applied mycology. He was one of the first to apply a comprehensive approach to the phytopathological examination of individual cultivated plants, in particular, by studying in detail the diseases of eggplant in the agroclimatic conditions of the Odesa region. D. Shcherbak’s scientific research focused on the experimental study of the developmental physiology of aquatic fungi zoospores. His work made it possible to identify factors for the artificial regulation of their life cycles and to eliminate the diplanetism stage. The scientist’s subsequent research was based on an attempt to apply the theory of phasic development to lower organisms and to study the role of phytohormones in altering the hereditary traits of parasitic fungi for agricultural purposes. Despite significant achievements in theoretical and experimental mycology and phytopathology, the work of Odesa researchers did not gain systemic institutional continuity. Regrettably, these scientists left no direct successors; consequently, no coherent scientific mycological school was established at the university during that period.
Опис
Ключові слова
історія Одеського університету, мікологічні дослідження, південь України, history of Odesa University, mycological research, southern Ukraine
Бібліографічний опис
Кузнєцов В. О., Ткаченко Ф. П. Мікологічний доробок одеських вчених: півстоліття наукового пошуку (1890–1940 рр.). Вісник Одеського національного університету. Біологія. 2025. Т. 30, вип. 2(57). С. 9–24.
УДК
378.4(477.74-25):582.28-047.37(091)“1890/1940”