Віктимологічні аспекти воєнних злочинів: міжнародно-правові стандарти компенсації та реабілітації жертв
Альтернативна назва
Victimological aspects of war crimes: international legal standards for compensation and rehabilitation of victims
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Дата
2025
Науковий керівник
Укладач
Редактор
Назва журналу
ISSN
2411-2054
E-ISSN
Назва тому
Видавець
Гельветика
Анотація
У статті досліджуються віктимологічні аспекти воєнних злочинів через призму міжнародно-правових стандартів компенсації та реабілітації жертв. Проаналізовано специфіку віктимізації в умовах збройного конфлікту, еволюцію міжнародно-правового визнання прав жертв воєнних злочинів від Женевських конвенцій до практики Міжнародного кримінального суду. Розглянуто механізми компенсації, що функціонують у рамках МКС, зокрема діяльність Трастового фонду для жертв, а також національні та міжнародні компенсаційні схеми. Особливу увагу приділено комплексному підходу до реабілітації жертв, який містить медичну, психологічну, соціальну та правову складові. Досліджено гендерно-чутливий підхід у роботі з жертвами конфліктного сексуального насильства й особливості реабілітації вразливих категорій населення. Проаналізовано актуальні виклики, пов’язані з імплементацією міжнародних стандартів в українському контексті, включно з питанням створення Реєстру збитків при Раді Європи та перспективами отримання компенсацій від держави-агресора. Визначено основні прогалини в міжнародно-правовому регулюванні та запропоновано шляхи вдосконалення системи захисту прав жертв воєнних злочинів.
The article examines the victimological aspects of war crimes through the prism of international legal standards for compensation and rehabilitation of victims. The study analyzes the specificity of victimization in the context of armed conflict, characterized by objective (situational) victimity, mass traumatization, and high levels of latent victimization. The phenomenon of secondary victimization in war crimes becomes particularly acute due to the necessity of repeated reproduction of traumatic experiences during crime documentation and judicial proceedings. The evolution of international legal recognition of victims’ rights is traced from the limited humanitarian norms of the 1949 Geneva Conventions to the comprehensive system of legal guarantees enshrined in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and the 2005 van Boven–Bassiouni Principles. Five forms of reparations are analyzed: restitution, compensation, rehabilitation, satisfaction, and guarantees of non-repetition. The practice of the International Criminal Court is examined, particularly the activities of the Trust Fund for Victims and landmark decisions in the Lubanga, Katanga, and Al Mahdi cases. The study reveals both achievements and significant limitations of existing compensation mechanisms, primarily the insolvency of convicted persons and insufficient funding dependent on voluntary state contributions. A comparative analysis of national and international compensation schemes (Germany, Rwanda, former Yugoslavia) demonstrates the diversity of models while identifying common critical success factors: political will, adequate financing, long-term program implementation, consideration of cultural specificities, and involvement of victims themselves in developing support mechanisms. Special attention is paid to a comprehensive approach to victim rehabilitation encompassing medical, psychological, social, and legal aspects. The gender-sensitive approach is emphasized, considering the specific needs of victims of conflict-related sexual violence and particularly vulnerable population categories. For Ukraine, facing an unprecedented scale of war crimes due to Russian aggression, the study analyzes key challenges: the scale of needs exceeding available resources, conflict duration, temporary occupation of territories, limited budget resources, shortage of qualified specialists, and the need for coordination among numerous actors. The creation of the Register of Damage at the Council of Europe and active cooperation with the ICC represent important steps toward realizing victims’ rights. The research identifies significant gaps in international legal regulation and proposes recommendations at national, international cooperation, and global levels, including the creation of a permanent international compensation fund, development of unified damage assessment methodology, and strengthening of enforcement mechanisms for international court decisions.
The article examines the victimological aspects of war crimes through the prism of international legal standards for compensation and rehabilitation of victims. The study analyzes the specificity of victimization in the context of armed conflict, characterized by objective (situational) victimity, mass traumatization, and high levels of latent victimization. The phenomenon of secondary victimization in war crimes becomes particularly acute due to the necessity of repeated reproduction of traumatic experiences during crime documentation and judicial proceedings. The evolution of international legal recognition of victims’ rights is traced from the limited humanitarian norms of the 1949 Geneva Conventions to the comprehensive system of legal guarantees enshrined in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and the 2005 van Boven–Bassiouni Principles. Five forms of reparations are analyzed: restitution, compensation, rehabilitation, satisfaction, and guarantees of non-repetition. The practice of the International Criminal Court is examined, particularly the activities of the Trust Fund for Victims and landmark decisions in the Lubanga, Katanga, and Al Mahdi cases. The study reveals both achievements and significant limitations of existing compensation mechanisms, primarily the insolvency of convicted persons and insufficient funding dependent on voluntary state contributions. A comparative analysis of national and international compensation schemes (Germany, Rwanda, former Yugoslavia) demonstrates the diversity of models while identifying common critical success factors: political will, adequate financing, long-term program implementation, consideration of cultural specificities, and involvement of victims themselves in developing support mechanisms. Special attention is paid to a comprehensive approach to victim rehabilitation encompassing medical, psychological, social, and legal aspects. The gender-sensitive approach is emphasized, considering the specific needs of victims of conflict-related sexual violence and particularly vulnerable population categories. For Ukraine, facing an unprecedented scale of war crimes due to Russian aggression, the study analyzes key challenges: the scale of needs exceeding available resources, conflict duration, temporary occupation of territories, limited budget resources, shortage of qualified specialists, and the need for coordination among numerous actors. The creation of the Register of Damage at the Council of Europe and active cooperation with the ICC represent important steps toward realizing victims’ rights. The research identifies significant gaps in international legal regulation and proposes recommendations at national, international cooperation, and global levels, including the creation of a permanent international compensation fund, development of unified damage assessment methodology, and strengthening of enforcement mechanisms for international court decisions.
Опис
Ключові слова
віктимологія, воєнні злочини, міжнародне кримінальне право, компенсація, реабілітація, Міжнародний кримінальний суд, жертви збройного конфлікту, victimology, war crimes, international criminal law, compensation, rehabilitation, International Criminal Court, victims of armed conflict
Бібліографічний опис
Дришлюк І. А., Нарожна О. В. Віктимологічні аспекти воєнних злочинів: міжнародно-правові стандарти компенсації та реабілітації жертв. Правова держава. 2025. Вип. 60. С. 115–125.
УДК
343.9:341.4(3)