Італія у системі європейської безпеки в часи Карибської кризи
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Дата
2024
Науковий керівник
Укладач
Редактор
Назва журналу
ISSN
2414-9012
E-ISSN
2616-8766
Назва тому
Видавець
Чернівецький національний університет імені Юрія Федьковича
Анотація
У статті розглянуто вплив Карибської кризи на місце Італії у системі європейської безпеки. Ключовим елементом цієї системи в умовах «холодної війни» було розміщення атомної зброї. Починаючи з 1959 р. Італія стала учасницею програми розміщення ядерної зброї США – ракет «Юпітер» – в європейських країнах НАТО.
На основі аналізу публікацій раніше засекречених документів Архіву національної безпеки США автор доводить взаємозв’язок між Карибською кризою та демонтажем пускових установок ракет середньої дальності «Юпітер» в Італії і подальшим розміщенням ракет «Поларіс» на флотах країн НАТО у Середземному морі.
Встановлено, що наслідком Карибської кризи для Італії стало зменшення її ваги в системі європейської безпеки і в міжнародних відносинах загалом. Натомість з військової точки зору Італія тільки посилила свій захист в разі війни.
At the end of the 1950s, Italy allocated American nuclear-tipped Jupiter missiles in its territory. This action was beneficial for both sides: the USA strengthened the system of defense of its European NATO allies without allocating a large number of troops, while Italy significantly increased its status in the international arena. However, it turned out to be a short-lasting project: on April 1, 1963, Jupiters were removed from Italy. At the time many suspected a connection between this event and the Cuban Missile Crisis, which had occurred several months earlier, even if no evidence were available to the public. In 2023, National Security Archive in the USA published a two-part article, written by William Burr and Leopoldo Nuti, which is dedicated to the removal of Jupiter missiles from Italy and Turkey in 1963. Each part of the article is backed by several dozens of archival documents, some of which were classified until recently. These publications allow us state with full confidence that the removal of the Jupiters was part of an implementation of the secret agreement between the USA and the USSR that was reached during the Cuban Missile Crisis. The goal of this article is to trace the impact of the deal on the position of Italy in the European security system. New evidence shows that the decision to remove the Jupiters was not a direct order from Washington to Rome. Instead, it was a several-month process of reaching a compromise, which involved high-ranking officials from both sides, including US President John Kennedy and Italian Prime Minister Amintore Fanfani. US government provided Italy with an adequate replacement in the form of Polaris missiles that were located on warships and submarines in the Mediterranean instead of Italian soil which strengthened Italy’s safety and security. However, as a result of the deal, Italy lost a part of its weight in the European security system, and in international relations in general.
At the end of the 1950s, Italy allocated American nuclear-tipped Jupiter missiles in its territory. This action was beneficial for both sides: the USA strengthened the system of defense of its European NATO allies without allocating a large number of troops, while Italy significantly increased its status in the international arena. However, it turned out to be a short-lasting project: on April 1, 1963, Jupiters were removed from Italy. At the time many suspected a connection between this event and the Cuban Missile Crisis, which had occurred several months earlier, even if no evidence were available to the public. In 2023, National Security Archive in the USA published a two-part article, written by William Burr and Leopoldo Nuti, which is dedicated to the removal of Jupiter missiles from Italy and Turkey in 1963. Each part of the article is backed by several dozens of archival documents, some of which were classified until recently. These publications allow us state with full confidence that the removal of the Jupiters was part of an implementation of the secret agreement between the USA and the USSR that was reached during the Cuban Missile Crisis. The goal of this article is to trace the impact of the deal on the position of Italy in the European security system. New evidence shows that the decision to remove the Jupiters was not a direct order from Washington to Rome. Instead, it was a several-month process of reaching a compromise, which involved high-ranking officials from both sides, including US President John Kennedy and Italian Prime Minister Amintore Fanfani. US government provided Italy with an adequate replacement in the form of Polaris missiles that were located on warships and submarines in the Mediterranean instead of Italian soil which strengthened Italy’s safety and security. However, as a result of the deal, Italy lost a part of its weight in the European security system, and in international relations in general.
Опис
Ключові слова
Італія, США, «холодна війна», Карибська криза, міжнародні відносини, європейська система безпеки, середземноморська політика США, Italy, USA, Cold War, Cuban Missile Crisis, international relations, European security system, US Mediterranean policy
Бібліографічний опис
Самофатов М. Італія у системі європейської безпеки в часи Карибської кризи / М. Самофатов // Науковий вісник Чернівецького національного університету імені Юрія Федьковича. Історія : зб. наук. пр. – Чернівці : ЧНУ, 2024. – Вип. 1(59). – С. 139–146.
УДК
327.54(4):94(450)