Урбаністичні студії Леоніда Беркута
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2021
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Леонід Беркут (1879–1940) – український історик, викладач Київського університету, педагог професор, дослідник західноєвропейського середньовіччя та західноєвропейської історії, питань методології історії. Одним із наукових напрямів дослідника була середньовічна урбаністика. Цій темі вчений присвятив декілька своїх робіт: «История Французских городов в средние века», «Судьбы Французских городов в средние века», «Императорские привилегии и городские права XII в. в Германии». У цих роботах Л. Беркут розглянув питання феномену виникнення середньовічного міста та його стосунки з феодальним дворянством і королівською владою, внутрішній устрій муніципальної організації, комунальній рух, міське право. Широке використання джерел, а також певних здобутків західної та вітчизняної історіографії дали можливість українському вченому творчо проаналізувати характерні риси й особливості розвитку західноєвропейського міста, з’ясувати причини його бурхливого розвитку, формування привілею та самого права середньовічних міст Франції і Німеччини, виникнення цехів і деяких інших спільнот міста, роль бюргерства як стану, його місце в системі станових інституцій держави, особливості взаємодії із структурами королівської влади. Проаналізувавши роботи Л. Беркута, ми доходимо такого висновку: комунальна боротьба тривала майже чотири століття. Активну роль у ній відігравали монархи, папи, світські та церковні князі. Вона була тісно пов’язана з іншими важливими соціальними конфліктами суспільства та політичними подіями. Кожне місто проходить свій тернистий шлях до «свободи» у власному варіанті, і його результати були досить різними залежно від могутності тих сеньйорів, які протистояли місту.
Leonid Berkut (1879 – 1940) was a Ukrainian historian, a lecturer at Kyiv University, a professor, a researcher of the Western European Middle Ages and Western European history and in the questions of the methodology of history. Medieval urbanism was one of the researcher’s scientific directions. The scientist devoted several of his works to this topic: “History of German cities in the Middle Ages”, “The fate of French cities in the Middle Ages”, “Imperial privileges and urban rights of the XII century in Germany”. In these works L. Berkut considered issues – the phenomenon of the beginning of a medieval city and it’s relationship with the feudal nobility and royal power, the internal structure of the municipal organization, communal movement and the city law. This article was shown the Professor L. Berkut scientific vision on the historical process of the origin and evolution of the medieval city, the formation of relations among the townspeople and the legal norms of the feudal state, the prerequisites and the beginning of the communal movement in the cities of Western Europe. The extensive use of sources and the certain achievements of Western and the native historiography allowed the Ukrainian scientist to analyze the characteristic features and the features of the development of a Western European city, found out the reasons for its rapid development, the formation of privileges and the law of the medieval cities in France and Germany, the beginning of the workshops and other communities of the city, the role of the burghers as an estate and it’s place in the system of estate institutions of the state, the peculiarities of interaction with the structures of royal power. In his analysis, L. Berkut was able to show that craft and trade, wage labor, and other types of labor were limited by various kinds of feudal-corporate restrictions and conditions in the medieval city. The nature of the property in the city was close to the property relations that existed in the village. The property in the city, as the Ukrainian scientist demonstrated very clearly, was not the ownership of the townspeople in the capitalist sense of the word. The corporate restrictions, the class inequality of the citizens, the dictates of the feudal administration, the customs and fiscal system of the state – all these complicates the development of the city. However, as the Ukrainian urbanist shows in his studios, that there was progress in this area, although in vague form. Quite clearly, he traced it on the material of the history of the communal movement in Germany and France. This movement marked the end of the important period in the formation of the medieval city, the stage of maturity of medieval civilization. Analyzing L. Berkut works in this article we came to the following conclusions: The communal struggle continued for almost four centuries. Monarchs, popes, secular and church princes played an active role in it. It was closely associated with other important social conflicts in the society and political events. Each city passes its own thorny path to “freedom” in its own version and the results of this way were very different, depending on the power of those lords who opposed the city.
Leonid Berkut (1879 – 1940) was a Ukrainian historian, a lecturer at Kyiv University, a professor, a researcher of the Western European Middle Ages and Western European history and in the questions of the methodology of history. Medieval urbanism was one of the researcher’s scientific directions. The scientist devoted several of his works to this topic: “History of German cities in the Middle Ages”, “The fate of French cities in the Middle Ages”, “Imperial privileges and urban rights of the XII century in Germany”. In these works L. Berkut considered issues – the phenomenon of the beginning of a medieval city and it’s relationship with the feudal nobility and royal power, the internal structure of the municipal organization, communal movement and the city law. This article was shown the Professor L. Berkut scientific vision on the historical process of the origin and evolution of the medieval city, the formation of relations among the townspeople and the legal norms of the feudal state, the prerequisites and the beginning of the communal movement in the cities of Western Europe. The extensive use of sources and the certain achievements of Western and the native historiography allowed the Ukrainian scientist to analyze the characteristic features and the features of the development of a Western European city, found out the reasons for its rapid development, the formation of privileges and the law of the medieval cities in France and Germany, the beginning of the workshops and other communities of the city, the role of the burghers as an estate and it’s place in the system of estate institutions of the state, the peculiarities of interaction with the structures of royal power. In his analysis, L. Berkut was able to show that craft and trade, wage labor, and other types of labor were limited by various kinds of feudal-corporate restrictions and conditions in the medieval city. The nature of the property in the city was close to the property relations that existed in the village. The property in the city, as the Ukrainian scientist demonstrated very clearly, was not the ownership of the townspeople in the capitalist sense of the word. The corporate restrictions, the class inequality of the citizens, the dictates of the feudal administration, the customs and fiscal system of the state – all these complicates the development of the city. However, as the Ukrainian urbanist shows in his studios, that there was progress in this area, although in vague form. Quite clearly, he traced it on the material of the history of the communal movement in Germany and France. This movement marked the end of the important period in the formation of the medieval city, the stage of maturity of medieval civilization. Analyzing L. Berkut works in this article we came to the following conclusions: The communal struggle continued for almost four centuries. Monarchs, popes, secular and church princes played an active role in it. It was closely associated with other important social conflicts in the society and political events. Each city passes its own thorny path to “freedom” in its own version and the results of this way were very different, depending on the power of those lords who opposed the city.
Опис
Ключові слова
Л. Беркут, середньовічне місто, комуна, феодалізм, антисеньоріальний рух, корпоративізм, L. Berkut, medieval city, commune, anti-seigneur movement, city government, corporatism
Бібліографічний опис
Вчені записки ТНУ імені В.І. Вернадського