Розвиток апаратури та методик поляриметричного методу як ефективного методу астрофiзичних дослiджень. I
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2019
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Анотація
В цiй оглядовiй роботi, крiм деяких маловiдомих iсторичних фактiв, коротко окреслено методи вимiрювання поляризацiї, якi були успiшно використанi до приходу поляриметрiї в зоряну астрофiзику.Тодi реєстрацiю проводили за допомогою фотоемульсiї, даючи змогу отримати вiдомостi про просторовий розподiл, у тому числi i параметрiв поляризацiї. Змiна приймачiв випромiнювання на ФЕП, безсумнiвно, була вкрай проґресивним кроком для ас- трофiзичних спостережень. З одного боку, завдяки вищому квантовому виходу, а, з iншого завдяки можливостi оцифрування отриманих результатiв. Це своєю чергою сильно пiдштовхнуло розвиток статистичних методiв у спостережувальнiй астрофiзицi. Поява не так давно ПЗЗ-приймачiв дозволяє назвати ФЕП їхнiми “однопiксельними” аналогами i з успiхом застосовувати ранiше розроблений для ФЕП апарат математичної статистики. З iншого боку, ПЗЗ є не тiльки ще чутливiшим приймачем, але й має природну панорамнiсть. Описанi далi методи i процитованi результати, отриманi за їхньою допомогою, розкривають сенс успiшно використаних ранiше iдей. Це може iстотно допомогти, наприклад, пiд час розробки нового приладу в сучасних умовах, коли вкрай важливо правильно оцiнити особливостi його оптико-механiчною схеми, оскiльки її змiна зазвичай не можлива без створення нового приладу. З iншого погляду, розумiючи iнструментальнi обмеження наших попередникiв, ми можемо швидше виявити їхнi недоробки, що iстотно впливає на визначення сьогоднiшнiх завдань у рiзних сферах астрономiчної поляриметрiї. В останнiй частинi статтi коротко описано методи та отриманi за їхньою допомогою результати, що дозволили Кримськiй астрофiзичнiй обсерваторiї зайняти провiдну позицiю у свiтовiй астрономiчнiй поляриметрiї. Методи та прилади поляриметрiї, якi продуктивно використовували у кримськiй школi в останнiй чвертi ХХ та на початку ХХI столiття, описанi в iншiй статтi цiєї серiї [Журн. фiз. досл. 23, № 4, 2019].
This review, apart from mentioning some poorly known historical facts, briefly outlines the methods of mea- suring polarization, which were successfully used before polarimetry came into stellar astrophysics. At that time, the registration was carried out using a photoemulsion, giving the opportunity to obtain information about the spatial distribution, including the polarization parameters. Changing radiation receivers to photoelectric photom- etry (PhEP) has undoubtedly been a very progressive step for astrophysical observations, on the one hand, due to the higher quantum efficiency and, on the other, due to the ability to digitize the results. This, in turn, strongly encouraged the development of statistical methods in observational astrophysics. The recent wide usage of CCD receivers allows regarding PhEP as their “one-pixel” analogues, and successfully use the mathematical statistics apparatus previously developed for FEP. On the other hand, CCD is not only an even more sensitive receiver; it also has a natural panorama. The following methods and the cited results obtained using them reveal the meaning of the ideas that have been successfully used. This can be of great help, for example, in the development of a new device in modern conditions, when it is extremely important to properly evaluate the features of its opto- mechanical scheme, since its change is usually not possible without the creation of a new device. From the other point of view, by understanding the instrumental limitations of our predecessors, we can more quickly identify their shortcomings, which significantly influences the formation of today’s agendas in various fields of astronomical polarimetry. The last part of the paper briefly describes the methods and their results, which allowed the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory to occupy a top leading position in the world astronomical polarimetry. The methods and instruments of polarimetry that have been used productively in the Crimean school in the last quarter of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century are described in the second article of this series, [J. Phys. Stud. 23, No. 4, in press (2019)].
This review, apart from mentioning some poorly known historical facts, briefly outlines the methods of mea- suring polarization, which were successfully used before polarimetry came into stellar astrophysics. At that time, the registration was carried out using a photoemulsion, giving the opportunity to obtain information about the spatial distribution, including the polarization parameters. Changing radiation receivers to photoelectric photom- etry (PhEP) has undoubtedly been a very progressive step for astrophysical observations, on the one hand, due to the higher quantum efficiency and, on the other, due to the ability to digitize the results. This, in turn, strongly encouraged the development of statistical methods in observational astrophysics. The recent wide usage of CCD receivers allows regarding PhEP as their “one-pixel” analogues, and successfully use the mathematical statistics apparatus previously developed for FEP. On the other hand, CCD is not only an even more sensitive receiver; it also has a natural panorama. The following methods and the cited results obtained using them reveal the meaning of the ideas that have been successfully used. This can be of great help, for example, in the development of a new device in modern conditions, when it is extremely important to properly evaluate the features of its opto- mechanical scheme, since its change is usually not possible without the creation of a new device. From the other point of view, by understanding the instrumental limitations of our predecessors, we can more quickly identify their shortcomings, which significantly influences the formation of today’s agendas in various fields of astronomical polarimetry. The last part of the paper briefly describes the methods and their results, which allowed the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory to occupy a top leading position in the world astronomical polarimetry. The methods and instruments of polarimetry that have been used productively in the Crimean school in the last quarter of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century are described in the second article of this series, [J. Phys. Stud. 23, No. 4, in press (2019)].
Опис
Ключові слова
поляриметрiя, способи вимiрювань, параметри Стокса, Сонячна корона, мiжпланетний пил, змiннi та подвiйнi зорi, аналiз даних
Бібліографічний опис
Журнал фiзичних дослiджень