04. Геолого-географічний факультет
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Документ Controversy over Noah's Flood in the Black Sea: Geological and foraminiferal evidence from the shelf(2007) Yanko-Hombach, Valentyna V.; Янко-Хомбах, Валентина Венедиктовна; Янко-Хомбах, Валентина ВенедиктівнаThis paper reviews the geological and foraminiferal evidence collected during the course of extensive paleoceanographic and geological studies in the Black Sea, conducted largely by Eastern European scientists since 1970. Though this research has a long history, its most recent focus has been examining the “Noah’s Flood” Hypothesis proposed by William Ryan and Walter Pitman, which proposes an abrupt and catastrophic flooding of the Pontic basin in the early Holocene. Specifically, the hypothesis states that the Black Sea was a freshwater lake with a surface about 140 m below present sea level between 14.7 and 10 ky BP, while at 7.2 ky BP (initial hypothesis) or 8.4 ky BP (modified hypothesis), the lake was rapidly inundated by Mediterranean water flowing through the Bosphorus, which forced the dispersion of early Neolithic people into the interior of Europe. The hypothesis further suggests that the event formed the historical basis for the biblical legend of Noah’s Flood. This paper considers the period between 28 and 7 ky BP, and three crucial points are discussed: (1) the level and salinity of the Neoeuxinian lake; (2) the re-colonization of the Black Sea by Mediterranean immigrants–and by implication sea level and salinity changes due to connection/isolation between adjacent basins; and (3) an alternative to the Bosphorus as an inter-basin conduit. It will be shown that, prior to the moderately warm Würm Paudorf (Middle Weichselian) Pleniglacial (prior to ca. 27 ky BP), a brackish Tarkhankutian basin was connected with the Sea of Marmara. At the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), this connection was interrupted, and the level of the Tarkhankutian basin dropped to about –100 m, transforming this basin into a closed Early Neoeuxinian lake. In the warming climate of ca. 17 ky BP, a massive water discharge originating most likely from the Caspian Sea and arriving via the Manych Spillway increased the level of the Late Neoeuxinian lake to about –20 m. Excess semi-fresh to brackish water must have spilled into the Sea of Marmara and from there into the Mediterranean. During the short climatic cooling episode of the Younger Dryas, the level of the lake dropped from –20 to –43 m and then rose again to about –20 m. After ca. 10 ky BP, the level of the Black Sea never again dropped below the –40 m isobath, nor exhibited a maximum amplitude of fluctuation greater than approximately 20 m. At ca. 9.5 ky BP, the water level reached –20 m again and Mediterranean water with its inhabiting organisms entered the Late Neoeuxinian lake. This re-colonization of the Black Sea occurred in an oscillating manner. It was slow at the beginning, becoming most prominent by 7.0 ky BP. The connection between adjacent basins was probably not through the Bosphorus Strait but via an alternative route, e.g., that following Izmit Bay–Sapanca Lake–Sakarya River. On average, sea level rose gradually, but in an oscillating manner, to its present level, and perhaps slightly higher, averaging 3 cm per 100 years but certainly not 15 cm per day (almost 55 m per year) as postulated by the “Noah’s Flood” hypothesis. A rate of sea-level increase of 3 cm per 100 years would not be noticed by local inhabitants and would not have accelerated their dispersion into the interior of Europe. This brings us to the conclusion that “Noah’s Flood” in the Black Sea is a contemporary legend.Документ Geological and Geomorphological Factors and Marine Conditions of the Azov-Black Sea Basin and Coastal Characteristics as They Determine Prospecting for Seabed Prehistoric Sites on the Continental Shelf(2017) Yanko-Hombach, Valentyna V.; Shniukov, Yevhen F.; Pasynkov, Anatoly; Sorokin, Valentin; Kuprin, Pavlo; Maslakov, Mykolai O.; Motnenko, Irena; Smyntyna, Olena V.; Янко-Хомбах, Валентина Венедиктівна; Янко-Хомбах, Валентина Венедиктовна; Шнюков, Євген Федорович; Шнюков, Евгений Федорович; Пасинков, Анатлоій; Пасынков, Анатолий; Сорокин, Валентин; Сорокін, Валентин; Купрін, Павло; Куприн, Павел; Маслаков, Николай А.; Маслаков, Микола О.; Мотненко, Ірена; Мотненко, Ирэна; Сминтина, Олена Валентинівна; Смынтына, Елена ВалентиновнаThe Black Sea lies at the junction of three major cultural areas: Europe, Central Asia, and the Near East. The history of primary occupation and cultural exploitation of the Black Sea basin goes back to 1.89 million years ago (Dmanisi, Georgia), as is documented by numerous open-air archaeological sites, the frequency of which indicates a high concentration of human activity fromthe Lower Paleolithic to the Early Iron Age (O¨ zdog˘an 2007). Comprehensive study of these sites contributes to some of the most interesting debates in European prehistory, among which are the spread of anatomically modern humans, the transition to an agricultural economy, the repercussions of early urbanization across Eurasia, and others, which play a crucial role in enduring discussions about the impact of complex Near Eastern societies on European societies. Fluctuations in sea level and the commensurate shrinking and expansion of littoral areas had considerable impact on the settlement pattern of prehistoric societies of the Black Sea region, and submerged archaeological landscapes are highly possible (Stanko 2007).Документ Was the Black Sea Catastrophically Flooded during the Holocene? – geological evidence and archaeological impacts(2011) Yanko-Hombach, Valentyna V.; Mudie, Peta; Gilbert, Allan S.; Янко-Хомбах, Валентина Венедиктовна; Янко-Хомбах, Валентина Венедиктівна; Муди, Петра Дж.; Муді, Петра Дж.; Гілберт, Аллан. С.; Гилберт, Аллан. С.Two hypothetical fl ood scenarios have been proposed for the Black Sea, describing events that may have profoundly aff ected prehistoric settlement in Eastern Europe and adjacent parts of Asia. Th e fi rst, a Late Pleistocene ‘Great Flood’ (Chepalyga 2003, 2007), suggests that the brackish Neoeuxinian Lake in the Black Sea basin was rapidly inundated by Caspian Sea overfl ow via the Manych Spillway shortly after the Late Glacial Maximum (LGM), c. 17–14 ka BP. Th e second, an Early Holocene ‘Noah’s Flood’, proposes catastrophic infl ow of Mediterranean seawater to a Black Sea freshwater lake at either 7.2 ka BP (Ryan et al. 1997) or at 8.4 ka BP (Ryan et al. 2003) when an abrupt sea-level jump accompanied the Laurentide Ice Sheet collapse (Turney and Brown 2007). Th ese hypotheses claim that massive inundations of the Black Sea basin, and ensuing large-scale environmental changes, drastically impacted early societies in coastal areas, forming the basis for Great Flood legends and other folklore, and accelerating the spread of agriculture into Europe. We summarize the geological, palaeontological, palynological, and archaeological evidence for prehistoric lake conditions, vegetation, climate, water salinity, and sea-level change, as well as submerged prehistoric settlements, agricultural development, coastline migration, and hydrological regimes. Comprehensive analysis shows that the Late Glacial inundation in the Black Sea basin was more prolonged and intense than the Holocene one, but there is no underwater archaeological evidence to support any catastrophic submergence of prehistoric Black Sea settlements during the Late Pleistocene or Early Holocene intervals.Документ Розвиток наук геолого-географічного циклу. Фізико-математичний факультет(Одеський національний університет імені І. І. Мечникова, 2015) Біланчин, Ярослав Михайлович; Козлова, Тетяна Віталіївна; Кравчук, Ганна Олегівна; Красєха, Єрофій Никифорович; Топчієв, Олександр Григорович; Черкез, Євген Анатолійович; Шуйський, Юрій Дмитрович; Янко-Хомбах, Валентина Венедиктовна; Yanko-Hombach, Valentyna V.; Янко-Хомбах, Валентина Венедиктівна; Bilanchyn, Yaroslav M.; Биланчин, Ярослав Михайлович; Козлова, Татьяна Витальевна; Kozlova, Tetiana V.; Кравчук, Анна Олеговна; Kravchuk, Anna O.; Krasiekha, Yerofei N.; Topchiiev, Oleksandr H.; Топчиев, Александр Григорьевич; Черкез, Евгений Анатольевич; Cherkez, Yevhen A.; Шуйский, Юрий Дмитриевич; Shuiskyi, Yurii D.Відповідно до нового університетського статуту 1863 року університети в Російській імперії стали розглядатися не тільки як вищі навчальні заклади, а й як носії науки і освіти, посередники між наукою і суспільством. Відтоді для університетів головною мала бути наука, а не державна служба; в основному їм також було повернуто автономію.